The thorax, commonly referred to as the chest, houses vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels. There are several surgical procedures associated with this region. Here are some common surgical interventions involving the thorax:

1. **Thoracotomy**: A large incision made into the chest to gain access to the heart, lungs, esophagus, or major blood vessels.

2. **Lobectomy**: Removal of a lobe of the lung, often for lung cancer treatment.

3. **Pneumonectomy**: Complete removal of a lung.

4. **Segmentectomy**: Removal of a segment of a lung lobe, often for smaller tumors.

5. **Thoracoscopic/VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery)**: Minimally invasive surgical technique that allows surgeons to view the thoracic cavity with a camera and perform procedures with special instruments.

6. **Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)**: A procedure to restore blood flow to the heart muscle by diverting the flow of blood around a blocked coronary artery.

7. **Valve Repair/Replacement**: Repair or replacement of damaged heart valves.

8. **Cardiac Transplantation**: Replacement of a diseased heart with a healthy donor heart.

9. **Pericardiocentesis**: Procedure to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart.

10. **Esophagectomy**: Removal of part or all of the esophagus, often due to cancer or severe esophageal disorders.

11. **Mediastinoscopy**: A procedure to examine the mediastinum (the central compartment of the thoracic cavity) with a scope.

12. **Thymectomy**: Removal of the thymus gland, often for conditions like myasthenia gravis or thymoma.

13. **Pleurodesis**: A procedure to adhere the lungs to the chest wall to prevent recurrent pleural effusions or pneumothorax.

14. **Pleural Biopsy**: Removing a small piece of the pleural lining of the lungs for examination.

15. **Pericardial Window**: A procedure to remove part of the pericardium (the sac around the heart) to relieve pressure on the heart.

16. **Aortic Aneurysm Repair**: Surgical treatment of an aneurysm (a bulging, weak spot) in the aorta, the main artery of the body.

17. **Tracheostomy**: Creating an opening in the trachea (windpipe) to assist with breathing.

18. **Bronchoscopy**: Insertion of a flexible tube into the trachea to inspect the bronchi and retrieve samples.

These procedures can be indicated based on a variety of conditions and diseases. As with any surgical intervention, consulting with a specialized thoracic surgeon is essential for a thorough understanding of potential risks, benefits, and alternatives.