Obstetrics and Gynecology Procedures

Obstetrics and Gynecology Procedures

Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN): Definition

Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) is the medical and surgical specialty dedicated to the health of the female reproductive system, pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care. It combines two closely related disciplines:

Obstetrics

Obstetrics focuses on the care of women during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the postpartum period. Obstetricians monitor the health of both the mother and developing baby, manage normal and high-risk pregnancies, perform vaginal and cesarean deliveries, and treat pregnancy-related complications.

Common areas of obstetrics include:

  • Prenatal care

  • High-risk pregnancy management

  • Labor and delivery

  • Cesarean section (C-section)

  • Postpartum care

  • Fetal monitoring

  • Maternal-fetal medicine collaboration

Gynecology

Gynecology focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions affecting the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, and vulva. Gynecologists provide preventive care, manage reproductive health, and perform both minimally invasive and open surgical procedures.

Common areas of gynecology include:

  • Annual pelvic examinations

  • Cervical cancer screening (Pap tests)

  • Menstrual disorders

  • Endometriosis

  • Uterine fibroids

  • Ovarian cysts

  • Pelvic pain

  • Infertility evaluation

  • Menopause management

  • Contraception and family planning

  • Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery

  • Hysterectomy

  • Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence treatment

Conditions Commonly Treated

OB/GYN specialists diagnose and manage a wide variety of conditions, including:

  • Pregnancy and childbirth

  • Ectopic pregnancy

  • Miscarriage

  • Gestational diabetes

  • Preeclampsia

  • Endometriosis

  • Uterine fibroids

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

  • Ovarian cysts

  • Abnormal uterine bleeding

  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

  • Cervical dysplasia

  • Gynecologic infections

  • Menopause symptoms

  • Pelvic organ prolapse

  • Female urinary incontinence

  • Infertility

Common Surgical Procedures

OB/GYN surgeons perform many procedures, including:

  • Cesarean section (C-section)

  • Hysterectomy

  • Myomectomy

  • Oophorectomy

  • Salpingectomy

  • Tubal ligation

  • Ovarian cystectomy

  • Hysteroscopy

  • Dilation and curettage (D&C)

  • Endometrial ablation

  • Laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis

  • Pelvic reconstructive surgery

  • Robotic-assisted gynecologic surgery

Technologies Frequently Used

Modern OB/GYN practices commonly utilize:

  • Ultrasound imaging

  • Fetal monitoring systems

  • Hysteroscopy

  • Laparoscopy

  • Robotic-assisted surgical platforms

  • Colposcopy

  • Electrosurgical devices

  • Advanced energy systems

  • Fluorescence imaging in selected procedures

The Goal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

The primary goal of Obstetrics and Gynecology is to promote and protect women’s reproductive health throughout every stage of life—from adolescence through pregnancy, childbirth, reproductive years, and menopause—while ensuring the safest possible outcomes for both mother and baby through preventive care, medical management, and advanced surgical treatment when necessary.

Here are the major Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) procedures, organized by subspecialty.

These procedures encompass the majority of operative cases encountered in general OB/GYN practice, while gynecologic oncology, urogynecology, reproductive endocrinology and infertility, and maternal-fetal medicine perform additional specialized procedures.

  • Labor and Delivery

    • Vaginal delivery

    • Assisted vaginal delivery (vacuum extraction)

    • Assisted vaginal delivery (forceps)

    • Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)

    • Breech vaginal delivery (selected cases)

    • Water birth

    Cesarean Delivery

    • Primary cesarean section (C-section)

    • Repeat cesarean section

    • Emergency cesarean section

    • Classical cesarean section

    • Low transverse cesarean section

    • Cesarean hysterectomy

    Pregnancy-Related Procedures

    • Cervical cerclage

    • External cephalic version (ECV)

    • Manual removal of placenta

    • Dilation and curettage (D&C) after miscarriage

    • Dilation and evacuation (D&E)

    • Suction dilation and curettage

    • Management of ectopic pregnancy

    • Methotrexate therapy (non-surgical)

    • Salpingostomy

    • Salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy

  • Hysterectomy

    • Total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)

    • Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH)

    • Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH)

    • Vaginal hysterectomy

    • Robotic-assisted hysterectomy

    • Supracervical hysterectomy

    • Radical hysterectomy

    Ovarian Surgery

    • Ovarian cystectomy

    • Oophorectomy

    • Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO)

    • Ovarian detorsion

    • Ovarian drilling (for selected infertility cases)

    Fallopian Tube Surgery

    • Salpingectomy

    • Salpingostomy

    • Tubal reanastomosis

    • Tubal ligation

    • Bilateral salpingectomy for sterilization

    Uterine Surgery

    • Myomectomy (open)

    • Laparoscopic myomectomy

    • Robotic myomectomy

    • Hysteroscopic myomectomy

    • Metroplasty

    • Adenomyosis excision

    • Diagnostic laparoscopy

    • Operative laparoscopy

    • Robotic-assisted laparoscopy

    • Diagnostic hysteroscopy

    • Operative hysteroscopy

    • Endometrial ablation

    • Polypectomy

    • Adhesiolysis

    • Chromotubation

    • Excision of endometriosis

    • • Ablation of endometriosis

    • Colposcopy

    • Cervical biopsy

    • Endocervical curettage (ECC)

    • Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)

    • Cold knife conization (CKC)

    • Cervical polypectomy

    • Cervical cerclage

    • Endometrial biopsy

    • Dilation and curettage (D&C)

    • Endometrial ablation

    • Hysteroscopic resection

    • Hysteroscopy with biopsy

    • Vaginal cyst excision

    • Vaginal septum resection

    • Vaginectomy

    • Vaginoplasty

    • Colpocleisis

    • Vaginal cuff repair

    • Vulvar biopsy

    • Vulvectomy (partial)

    • Simple vulvectomy

    • Radical vulvectomy

    • Bartholin gland incision and drainage

    • Bartholin gland marsupialization

    • Bartholin gland excision

    • Laser ablation of vulvar lesions

  • Pelvic Organ Prolapse

    • Anterior colporrhaphy

    • Posterior colporrhaphy

    • Enterocele repair

    • Sacrocolpopexy

    • Sacrospinous ligament fixation

    • Uterosacral ligament suspension

    • Vaginal vault suspension

    • Colpocleisis

    Urinary Incontinence

    • Midurethral sling

    • Pubovaginal sling

    • Burch colposuspension

    • Urethral bulking injections

    • Cystoscopy

    • Botox injection for overactive bladder

    • Sacral neuromodulation

    • Diagnostic laparoscopy

    • Excision of endometriosis

    • Ablation of endometriosis

    • Ovarian endometrioma cystectomy

    • Bowel endometriosis resection

    • Ureterolysis

    • Pelvic adhesiolysis

    • Hysteroscopy

    • Laparoscopy

    • Tubal cannulation

    • Tubal reanastomosis

    • Ovarian drilling

    • Myomectomy

    • Septum resection

    • Fertility-preserving ovarian surgery

    • Egg retrieval (IVF)

    • Embryo transfer

    • Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

  • Uterine Cancer

    • Total hysterectomy

    • Radical hysterectomy

    • Sentinel lymph node mapping

    • Pelvic lymphadenectomy

    • Para-aortic lymphadenectomy

    • Omentectomy

    Ovarian Cancer

    • Cytoreductive (debulking) surgery

    • Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

    • Omentectomy

    • Peritoneal biopsies

    • Pelvic washings

    Cervical Cancer

    • Radical hysterectomy

    • Radical trachelectomy

    • Pelvic lymph node dissection

    • Sentinel lymph node biopsy

    Vulvar Cancer

    • Radical vulvectomy

    • Groin lymphadenectomy

    • Sentinel lymph node biopsy

    • Pelvic examination

    • Pap smear

    • HPV testing

    • Colposcopy

    • Endometrial biopsy

    • Cervical biopsy

    • Pelvic ultrasound

    • Sonohysterography

    • Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

    • Cystoscopy

    • Urodynamic testing

    • Intrauterine device (IUD) insertion

    • IUD removal

    • Nexplanon® insertion

    • Nexplanon removal

    • Endometrial biopsy

    • Cervical biopsy

    • Vulvar biopsy

    • Bartholin gland drainage

    • Endometrial ablation (selected cases)

    • Colposcopy

    • LEEP

    • Cryotherapy of the cervix

    • Robotic hysterectomy

    • Robotic myomectomy

    • Robotic sacrocolpopexy

    • Robotic endometriosis excision

    • Robotic ovarian cystectomy

    • Robotic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

    • Robotic radical hysterectomy

    • Robotic lymph node dissection

    • • Robotic tubal reanastomosis

    1. Cesarean section (C-section)

    2. Hysterectomy

    3. Dilation and curettage (D&C)

    4. Tubal ligation

    5. Diagnostic/operative laparoscopy

    6. Ovarian cystectomy

    7. Salpingectomy

    8. Myomectomy

    9. Endometrial ablation

    10. Hysteroscopy with biopsy or polypectomy

    11. LEEP

    12. Colposcopy with biopsy

    13. Bartholin gland procedures

    14. Pelvic organ prolapse repair

    15. Midurethral sling placement

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